CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1
Background Conceptually, the archipelago insight (Insight) is a national
insight Indonesian nation. Formulation of national perception of Indonesia,
hereinafter referred Archipelago, it is one of the political conception of the
constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Archipelagic nation of Indonesia as
a national insight built on the nation's geopolitical outlook. View of the
Indonesian nation based on the constellation of the neighborhood which produces
conception Insights Nusantara.jadi Archipelago is the application of the theory
of geopolitics of Indonesia.
To learn more, the authors try to discuss it with a paper titled "INSIGHT AS GEOPOLITICS Nusantara INDONESIA"
1.2 Problem Formulation
What meaning, nature, and position Archipelago?
What sense of Geopolitics?
How the Indonesian Archipelago as Geopolitics?
How Embodiment Archipelago?
1.3 Objectives
To know the meaning, nature, and position Archipelago!
To find Geoplitik understanding!
To know the Indonesian Archipelago as Geopolitics!
To find out Embodiments Archipelago!
1.4 Objectives The Want In Reach
Hopefully with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
CHAPTER II INSIGHT AS NUSANTARA GEOPOLITICS INDONESIA
2.1 DEFINITION, NATURE, AND POSITION OF INSIGHT NUSANTARA
A. Understanding Archipelago
Etymologically, the word comes from the Archipelago and the Archipelago Insights. Insights derived from the word Wawas (Java language) which means the views, reviews and visual senses. So insight is the view, review, vision, sensory response. Insights will also mean perspectives and ways of looking. Archipelago is derived from the country and between. Nusa mean the island or archipelago unity. Between means indicating the location between the two elements. So is the unity of the archipelago of islands located between two continents, namely ian Asia and Australia, and two oceans, the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Based on the modern sense, the word "archipelago" is used as a substitute for the name of Indonesia.
While terminological Insights according to some opinion as follows: a. According to prof. Wan Usman, "Wawasan Nusantara Indonesia is a nation perspective on themselves and their homeland as an archipelagic nation with all the diverse aspects of life." b. According to the Guidelines, 1998, Archipelago is the outlook and attitude of the Indonesian people about themselves and their environment, with the organization of the society, nation and state. c. According to the working group proposed Archipelago to be tap. MPR, which made the 1999 National Resilience Institute, which is "the perspective and attitude of the Indonesian people regarding self-paced and diverse environment and strategic value by giving priority to national unity and territorial integrity in the administration of kehipan society, nation, and state to achieve national objectives."
Based on the above opinions, in a simple insight archipelago nation of Indonesia meaningful perspective on themselves and their surroundings. B. Archipelago Itself
We looked at the archipelago nation of Indonesia is one unit. Thus, the nature Archipelago is wholeness and unity of the national territory. In other words, the nature Archipelago is "national unity and territorial integrity.
In the Guidelines stated that the nature of the Archipelago realized by states as a whole archipelago of political, economic, social cultural, defense and security.
C. Position Archipelago
Archipelago serves as the nation's vision. National perception is concerned in the vision of the nation into the future. Vision of Indonesia in accordance with the concept of Wawasan Nusantara is a single nation with a single and intact areas as well. Archipelago position as one of The constitutional conception of the Republic of Indonesia.
2.2. INSIGHT AS NUSANTARA GEOPOLITICS INDONESIA
A. Geopolitics as Earth Science Politics
Geopolitics is etymologically derived from the Greek, which means that Geo earth and can not be separated from the influence of the location and geography of the earth into the living area. Geopolitics interpreted as holding that any state policy issues associated with geographic region or residence of a nation.
Geopolitical term was first defined by Frederich Ratzel as political geography (political geography), which was later expanded by Rudolf Kjellen a geographical politics, geopolitics abbreviated.
Geopolitical Theories: a. Theory of Geopolitics Frederich Ratzel (1844-1904), argued that the country as a living organism. State growth similar to the growth of organisms which require living space (lebensraum) is sufficient in order to thrive. The more extensive the space hiduo the State will survive, powerful, and advanced. This theory is known as the theory or the theory of biological organisms. b. Theory of Geopolitics Kjellen Rudolf (1864-1922), is a unit of the State and political system that covers the field of geopolitics, political economy, political demonstrations of political social, and political krato. Country as a living organism and intellectuals should be able to maintain and develop itself by expansion. c. Theory of Geopolitics Karl Haushofer (1896-1946), continued the views Ratzel and Kjellen especially views on lebensraum and understand expansionism. If the population of a territory the more so as no longer proportional to the area, then the State should seek to expand its territory as a living space for the citizens of the State. To this end, the State shall seek: · Autarky, which is ideal to meet their own needs without relying on other countries. · The areas to be controlled (pan-regional), namely: a. Pan American as a "union territory" with the United States as its leader. b. Pan East Asia, covering the eastern part of the continent of Asia, Australia and the islands where the Japanese as the ruler. c. Russian Pan India covering areas of West Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia are controlled by Russia. d. European Pan Africa include Western Europe, excluding the UK and Russia ruled by Germany. Karl Haushofer's geopolitical theories practiced by Hitler's Nazi Germany under the leadership of causing two world wars. d. Theory of Geopolitics Halford Mackinder (1861-1947), has a more strategic geopolitical conception, namely the control areas 'heart' world, so his opinions known to the local theory of heart. Whoever controlled "areas of the heart" (Eastern Europe and Russia) then he will rule the island world (Europe, Asia, and Africa) that will eventually dominate the world. Based on this insight came the concept of the Continent or the concept of power in the land. e. Theory of Geopolitics Tayer Alfred Mahan (1840-1914), developed the concept further by taking into account the need to capitalize upon geopolitical and maintain marine resources including access to the sea. Thus, not only the construction of the fleet is needed, but also to build a broader maritime power. Based on this, the concept appears Wawasa Marine forces at sea or concept. Whoever controlled the oceans will control the world's wealth. f. Theory of Geopolitics Guilio Douhet (1869-1930), William Mitche (1878-1939), Saversky and JFC Fuller, has another opinion than their predecessors. Both saw strength aerospace bigger role in winning the war against the enemy. Therefore they concluded that building a fleet or air force is more favorable because the air force allowed to operate its own without the Bantu by other forces. In addition, the air force to destroy the enemy at home itself. Based on this, then comes the Aerospace Insights concept (the concept of power in the air). g. Theory of Geopolitics J.Spijkman Nicholas (1879-1936), famous for the theory of boundary area. In his theory, he divided the world into four regions: · Pivot area, covering the area of the heart area. · Offshore continent land, includes the coastal areas of Europe-Asia. · Oceanic Belt, including the island territories outside Europe-Asia, southern Africa · New World, covering the Americas. Over the division of the world's four regions menladi, Spijkman looked diperlunya power-generation combination of Force War to annex those territories in question. This results in a theoretical view Borderline (Rimland) called Insights combination.
B. Geopolitics understand Indonesian Nation
Indonesian people understand the geopolitical conception formulated in Wawasan Nusantara. For Indonesia, geopolitics is a new view in considering the factors of geographical area of the State to achieve its national objectives. For Indonesia, is a geopolitical policy in order to achieve the national goals with geographical advantages memamfaatkan State based on scientific knowledge of the geographical conditions.
Geographically, Indonesia has a characteristic, which is flanked by two oceans and two continents, and is located below the orbit of geostationary satellite orbit (GSO). And Indonesia may be referred to as the Indonesian maritime continent. Indonesian territory shall be incorporated in the formal judicial Section 25A of the 1945 Constitution Amendment IV. On the basis that Indonesia develop its national geopolitical understanding, ie Archipelago. And historically, parts of Indonesia earlier is the former Dutch colony which was once called the Dutch East Indies.
Based on this historical and geographical facts, parts of Indonesia and its what is in it is seen as a single entity. View or insight is called the national Indonesian Archipelago. Archipelago as geopolitical conception of the Indonesian nation.
2.3. INSIGHT REALIZATION NUSANTARA A. Formulation Archipelago
Archipelago conception outlined in the legislation, which is in the MPR decree on guidelines. Consecutive terms are:
MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1973
MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1978
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1983
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1988
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1993
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1998
In the decree stated that the insights in the implementation of national development in the National Development Goals is Archipelago. Archipelago is a national perception that comes from Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
Insight into the nature of the archipelago is the nation's unity and territorial integrity of Indonesia. Indonesian national perspective include:
One embodiment of the archipelago as a Political Unity
Embodiment archipelago as One Economy
One embodiment of the archipelago as a Social and Cultural Unity
Embodiment archipelago as One Defense and Security
Coverage of each archipelago sense of embodiment as One Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Defence and Security (POLEKSOSBUDHANKAM) are listed in the Guidelines.
Formulation containing the latest guidelines regarding Archipelago is the 1998 Guidelines in MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1998. In the 1999 guidelines, as stated in the MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1999 are no longer found on the formulation of the Archipelago.
At the present time, in the absence of further guidelines, formulation Archipelago into nothing. Yet as a political conception of the state administration of the Republic of Indonesia, which is characterized by the archipelago of Indonesia would be retained. It is stated in Article 25A of the 1945 Constitution Amendment IV, which reads "the Republic of Indonesia is an archipelago island nation that characterized the region boundaries and rights shall be specified by the Act". Law governing this case is the Act No. 6 of 1996 on Indonesian Waters.
B. Boundaries of the Republic of Indonesia
a). Mainland region
Land area is the surface area of the earth within certain limits and in the soil at the surface of the earth.
b). Inland areas
Indonesian waters include the territorial sea, archipelagic waters, and peraran deepening.
c). Airspace
Airspace is the area that is above the land and sea (water) of the country. How much sovereignty to the country's airspace above it, there are several streams, namely: 1) Theory of Free Air 2) Theory of Sovereign State in the Air
C. Basic elements Archipelago
Conception Archipelago contains three basic elements, namely: a) Containers (Contour b) Content (Content) c) of the Code (Conduct)
D. Goals and mamfaat Archipelago a) The purpose Archipelago
Purpose Archipelago consists of two: 1. Destination into, ie ensure the realization of the unity of the national unity of all aspects of life, namely political, economic, social cultural, defense and security. 2. Destination to the outside, ensuring that the national interest in a world-paced change, and participated in the establishment of world order based on freedom, eternal peace and social justice as well as to develop a cooperation and mutual respect.
b) mamfaat Archipelago Mamfaat Archipelago is as follows: 1. Accepted and acknowledged conception archipelago in international forums. 2. Added Indonesian territorial area. 3. Added as a living room area provides a great potential resource for improving the welfare of the people. 4. application of the archipelago generate insight perspective on the territorial integrity of the country that need to be maintained by the Indonesian nation. 5. Archipelagos be one means of national integration.
CHAPTER III CLOSING 3.1. CONCLUSION
In a simple insight archipelago nation of Indonesia means the perspective of the self and the environment. We looked at the archipelago nation of Indonesia is one unit. Thus, the nature Archipelago is wholeness and unity of the national territory. In other words, the nature Archipelago is "national unity and territorial integrity. Archipelago serves as the nation's vision. National perception is concerned in the vision of the nation into the future. Vision of Indonesia in accordance with the concept of Wawasan Nusantara is a single nation with a single and intact areas as well. Archipelago position as one of The constitutional conception of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on geographical and historical facts, the region of Indonesia and what is in it is seen as a single entity. View or insight is called the national Indonesian Archipelago. Archipelago as geopolitical conception of the Indonesian nation.
3.2. ADVICE
Hopefully with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
To learn more, the authors try to discuss it with a paper titled "INSIGHT AS GEOPOLITICS Nusantara INDONESIA"
1.2 Problem Formulation
What meaning, nature, and position Archipelago?
What sense of Geopolitics?
How the Indonesian Archipelago as Geopolitics?
How Embodiment Archipelago?
1.3 Objectives
To know the meaning, nature, and position Archipelago!
To find Geoplitik understanding!
To know the Indonesian Archipelago as Geopolitics!
To find out Embodiments Archipelago!
1.4 Objectives The Want In Reach
Hopefully with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
CHAPTER II INSIGHT AS NUSANTARA GEOPOLITICS INDONESIA
2.1 DEFINITION, NATURE, AND POSITION OF INSIGHT NUSANTARA
A. Understanding Archipelago
Etymologically, the word comes from the Archipelago and the Archipelago Insights. Insights derived from the word Wawas (Java language) which means the views, reviews and visual senses. So insight is the view, review, vision, sensory response. Insights will also mean perspectives and ways of looking. Archipelago is derived from the country and between. Nusa mean the island or archipelago unity. Between means indicating the location between the two elements. So is the unity of the archipelago of islands located between two continents, namely ian Asia and Australia, and two oceans, the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Based on the modern sense, the word "archipelago" is used as a substitute for the name of Indonesia.
While terminological Insights according to some opinion as follows: a. According to prof. Wan Usman, "Wawasan Nusantara Indonesia is a nation perspective on themselves and their homeland as an archipelagic nation with all the diverse aspects of life." b. According to the Guidelines, 1998, Archipelago is the outlook and attitude of the Indonesian people about themselves and their environment, with the organization of the society, nation and state. c. According to the working group proposed Archipelago to be tap. MPR, which made the 1999 National Resilience Institute, which is "the perspective and attitude of the Indonesian people regarding self-paced and diverse environment and strategic value by giving priority to national unity and territorial integrity in the administration of kehipan society, nation, and state to achieve national objectives."
Based on the above opinions, in a simple insight archipelago nation of Indonesia meaningful perspective on themselves and their surroundings. B. Archipelago Itself
We looked at the archipelago nation of Indonesia is one unit. Thus, the nature Archipelago is wholeness and unity of the national territory. In other words, the nature Archipelago is "national unity and territorial integrity.
In the Guidelines stated that the nature of the Archipelago realized by states as a whole archipelago of political, economic, social cultural, defense and security.
C. Position Archipelago
Archipelago serves as the nation's vision. National perception is concerned in the vision of the nation into the future. Vision of Indonesia in accordance with the concept of Wawasan Nusantara is a single nation with a single and intact areas as well. Archipelago position as one of The constitutional conception of the Republic of Indonesia.
2.2. INSIGHT AS NUSANTARA GEOPOLITICS INDONESIA
A. Geopolitics as Earth Science Politics
Geopolitics is etymologically derived from the Greek, which means that Geo earth and can not be separated from the influence of the location and geography of the earth into the living area. Geopolitics interpreted as holding that any state policy issues associated with geographic region or residence of a nation.
Geopolitical term was first defined by Frederich Ratzel as political geography (political geography), which was later expanded by Rudolf Kjellen a geographical politics, geopolitics abbreviated.
Geopolitical Theories: a. Theory of Geopolitics Frederich Ratzel (1844-1904), argued that the country as a living organism. State growth similar to the growth of organisms which require living space (lebensraum) is sufficient in order to thrive. The more extensive the space hiduo the State will survive, powerful, and advanced. This theory is known as the theory or the theory of biological organisms. b. Theory of Geopolitics Kjellen Rudolf (1864-1922), is a unit of the State and political system that covers the field of geopolitics, political economy, political demonstrations of political social, and political krato. Country as a living organism and intellectuals should be able to maintain and develop itself by expansion. c. Theory of Geopolitics Karl Haushofer (1896-1946), continued the views Ratzel and Kjellen especially views on lebensraum and understand expansionism. If the population of a territory the more so as no longer proportional to the area, then the State should seek to expand its territory as a living space for the citizens of the State. To this end, the State shall seek: · Autarky, which is ideal to meet their own needs without relying on other countries. · The areas to be controlled (pan-regional), namely: a. Pan American as a "union territory" with the United States as its leader. b. Pan East Asia, covering the eastern part of the continent of Asia, Australia and the islands where the Japanese as the ruler. c. Russian Pan India covering areas of West Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia are controlled by Russia. d. European Pan Africa include Western Europe, excluding the UK and Russia ruled by Germany. Karl Haushofer's geopolitical theories practiced by Hitler's Nazi Germany under the leadership of causing two world wars. d. Theory of Geopolitics Halford Mackinder (1861-1947), has a more strategic geopolitical conception, namely the control areas 'heart' world, so his opinions known to the local theory of heart. Whoever controlled "areas of the heart" (Eastern Europe and Russia) then he will rule the island world (Europe, Asia, and Africa) that will eventually dominate the world. Based on this insight came the concept of the Continent or the concept of power in the land. e. Theory of Geopolitics Tayer Alfred Mahan (1840-1914), developed the concept further by taking into account the need to capitalize upon geopolitical and maintain marine resources including access to the sea. Thus, not only the construction of the fleet is needed, but also to build a broader maritime power. Based on this, the concept appears Wawasa Marine forces at sea or concept. Whoever controlled the oceans will control the world's wealth. f. Theory of Geopolitics Guilio Douhet (1869-1930), William Mitche (1878-1939), Saversky and JFC Fuller, has another opinion than their predecessors. Both saw strength aerospace bigger role in winning the war against the enemy. Therefore they concluded that building a fleet or air force is more favorable because the air force allowed to operate its own without the Bantu by other forces. In addition, the air force to destroy the enemy at home itself. Based on this, then comes the Aerospace Insights concept (the concept of power in the air). g. Theory of Geopolitics J.Spijkman Nicholas (1879-1936), famous for the theory of boundary area. In his theory, he divided the world into four regions: · Pivot area, covering the area of the heart area. · Offshore continent land, includes the coastal areas of Europe-Asia. · Oceanic Belt, including the island territories outside Europe-Asia, southern Africa · New World, covering the Americas. Over the division of the world's four regions menladi, Spijkman looked diperlunya power-generation combination of Force War to annex those territories in question. This results in a theoretical view Borderline (Rimland) called Insights combination.
B. Geopolitics understand Indonesian Nation
Indonesian people understand the geopolitical conception formulated in Wawasan Nusantara. For Indonesia, geopolitics is a new view in considering the factors of geographical area of the State to achieve its national objectives. For Indonesia, is a geopolitical policy in order to achieve the national goals with geographical advantages memamfaatkan State based on scientific knowledge of the geographical conditions.
Geographically, Indonesia has a characteristic, which is flanked by two oceans and two continents, and is located below the orbit of geostationary satellite orbit (GSO). And Indonesia may be referred to as the Indonesian maritime continent. Indonesian territory shall be incorporated in the formal judicial Section 25A of the 1945 Constitution Amendment IV. On the basis that Indonesia develop its national geopolitical understanding, ie Archipelago. And historically, parts of Indonesia earlier is the former Dutch colony which was once called the Dutch East Indies.
Based on this historical and geographical facts, parts of Indonesia and its what is in it is seen as a single entity. View or insight is called the national Indonesian Archipelago. Archipelago as geopolitical conception of the Indonesian nation.
2.3. INSIGHT REALIZATION NUSANTARA A. Formulation Archipelago
Archipelago conception outlined in the legislation, which is in the MPR decree on guidelines. Consecutive terms are:
MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1973
MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1978
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1983
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1988
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1993
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1998
In the decree stated that the insights in the implementation of national development in the National Development Goals is Archipelago. Archipelago is a national perception that comes from Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
Insight into the nature of the archipelago is the nation's unity and territorial integrity of Indonesia. Indonesian national perspective include:
One embodiment of the archipelago as a Political Unity
Embodiment archipelago as One Economy
One embodiment of the archipelago as a Social and Cultural Unity
Embodiment archipelago as One Defense and Security
Coverage of each archipelago sense of embodiment as One Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Defence and Security (POLEKSOSBUDHANKAM) are listed in the Guidelines.
Formulation containing the latest guidelines regarding Archipelago is the 1998 Guidelines in MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1998. In the 1999 guidelines, as stated in the MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1999 are no longer found on the formulation of the Archipelago.
At the present time, in the absence of further guidelines, formulation Archipelago into nothing. Yet as a political conception of the state administration of the Republic of Indonesia, which is characterized by the archipelago of Indonesia would be retained. It is stated in Article 25A of the 1945 Constitution Amendment IV, which reads "the Republic of Indonesia is an archipelago island nation that characterized the region boundaries and rights shall be specified by the Act". Law governing this case is the Act No. 6 of 1996 on Indonesian Waters.
B. Boundaries of the Republic of Indonesia
a). Mainland region
Land area is the surface area of the earth within certain limits and in the soil at the surface of the earth.
b). Inland areas
Indonesian waters include the territorial sea, archipelagic waters, and peraran deepening.
c). Airspace
Airspace is the area that is above the land and sea (water) of the country. How much sovereignty to the country's airspace above it, there are several streams, namely: 1) Theory of Free Air 2) Theory of Sovereign State in the Air
C. Basic elements Archipelago
Conception Archipelago contains three basic elements, namely: a) Containers (Contour b) Content (Content) c) of the Code (Conduct)
D. Goals and mamfaat Archipelago a) The purpose Archipelago
Purpose Archipelago consists of two: 1. Destination into, ie ensure the realization of the unity of the national unity of all aspects of life, namely political, economic, social cultural, defense and security. 2. Destination to the outside, ensuring that the national interest in a world-paced change, and participated in the establishment of world order based on freedom, eternal peace and social justice as well as to develop a cooperation and mutual respect.
b) mamfaat Archipelago Mamfaat Archipelago is as follows: 1. Accepted and acknowledged conception archipelago in international forums. 2. Added Indonesian territorial area. 3. Added as a living room area provides a great potential resource for improving the welfare of the people. 4. application of the archipelago generate insight perspective on the territorial integrity of the country that need to be maintained by the Indonesian nation. 5. Archipelagos be one means of national integration.
CHAPTER III CLOSING 3.1. CONCLUSION
In a simple insight archipelago nation of Indonesia means the perspective of the self and the environment. We looked at the archipelago nation of Indonesia is one unit. Thus, the nature Archipelago is wholeness and unity of the national territory. In other words, the nature Archipelago is "national unity and territorial integrity. Archipelago serves as the nation's vision. National perception is concerned in the vision of the nation into the future. Vision of Indonesia in accordance with the concept of Wawasan Nusantara is a single nation with a single and intact areas as well. Archipelago position as one of The constitutional conception of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on geographical and historical facts, the region of Indonesia and what is in it is seen as a single entity. View or insight is called the national Indonesian Archipelago. Archipelago as geopolitical conception of the Indonesian nation.
3.2. ADVICE
Hopefully with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
Philological
AND HISTORICAL APPROACH
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
A. Background This historical approach is a general view on the view of teaching methods successively from the beginning until now. According Kuntowijoyo, while the empirical history of religion is normative. The empirical history of leaning on the human experience. While the normative science of religion does not mean to say there is no empirical element, but normatiflah as the reference.
Here are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical approach:
Scripture
Prophethood of Muhammad
Islamic institutions
Muslim-Christian Relations
To learn more, the authors try to discuss it with a paper titled "philological AND HISTORICAL APPROACH".
B. Problem Formulation
Historical understanding what?
What sense of Scripture?
What sense of Prophethood of Muhammad?
What understanding of Islamic Institutions?
How Islam-Christian relations?
C. Destination
Historical understanding to know!
To know Scripture sense!
To know the meaning of Prophethood of Muhammad!
To know the meaning of Islamic Institutions!
To determine the relationship of Islam-Christianity!
D. The target Want In Reach
Hopefully with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
CHAPTER II Philological AND HISTORICAL APPROACH
Historical Approach Judging from the etymology, word history comes from the Arabic syajarah (tree) and the history of the word in English that means story or tale. The word history itself is more popular to refer to the history of science. If tracked from its origin, the word history comes from the Greek meaning istoria knowledge of the phenomena of nature, especially human. Through this approach, a person invited to enter the actual situation with regard to the implementation of an event. This historical approach is very necessary to understand religion because it's down in the concrete situation, even related to social conditions. In this connection, Kuntowijoyo has conducted a thorough study of religion is in, this Islamic approach according to history when he studied the Qur'an came to the conclusion that basically the content of the Qur'an is divided into two parts, namely, the concept and story history. This historical approach is a general view on the view of teaching methods successively from the beginning until now. [1] According Kuntowijoyo, while the empirical history of religion is normative. The empirical history of leaning on the human experience. While the normative science of religion does not mean to say there is no empirical element, but normatiflah as the reference. If the historical approach aims to find the symptoms to trace the source of religion in the Islamic period, then this approach could be based on the development of personal historical or cultural adherents. Such an approach seeks to trace the early development of individual religious leaders, to find sources and traces the development of religious behavior in accordance dialogue with the surrounding world, and looking for patterns of interaction between religion and society. Historical approach will ultimately lead to the development of theories about the evolution of religion and the development of religious groups. [2]
Along with philological approach, historical approach is also very dominant in the tradition of modern Islamic studies. Study of classical Islamic texts have stimulated them to operate approach based historical documents that have been there.
Here are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical approach:
1. Scripture
One of the guidelines is to live in religious scriptures, Islam's holy book is the Qur'an. Validity as a religious symbol and guidelines for its adherents, Islam has a high value for its adherents. This belief seems to still misunderstood by Western people, especially those who are still influenced by the old doctrine of their religion, ie Judaism and Christianity.
At first, Jews and Christians do not recognize the Qur'an as the revelation of God Almighty. This rejection occurs and conducted by Western scholars against Maurice Bucaile attitude while treating each and parallels between the Koran as the previous books written revelation. [3] Quran study conducted Western scholars basically focused on the critical issues surrounding the Muslim holy book. Issues such as the establishment of the text of the Qur'an, Qur'an decline chronological, historical text, variant readings, the relationship between the Qur'an with the previous books, and other issues surrounding it. Most of the work was done by a problem in the 19th century scholar, the most important was Theodor Noldeke. A critical assessment of the Koran are also done by a group of German scholars in collaboration with other scholars. The project was stopped during the bombing of Munich in World War II that destroyed manuscripts and other materials. Misunderstanding the West against Islam has basic sentiment, fanaticism and injustice attitude. This was revealed during the opening of the document "Orientation for dialogue between Christians and Muslims Ummah". [4]
2. Prophethood of Muhammad
Prophetic aspect within the scope of the talks of the world's religions is something that must be clarified. Great prophets who have been sent by God SWT.telah prove his affection for the creatures.
Since the early history of Islam, the Muslims argued that a series of messengers of God ended in Muhammad: "Muhammad is not the father of any one of you: he is the Messenger of Allah and the Last Prophet" (Qur'an 33:40). This interpretation according to Fazlur Rahman is true, but for the outsider feels rather be dogmatif and less rational. To obtain this interpretation, some of the arguments put forward thinkers. These arguments have two different basis, but interrelated and complementary. [5]
Some modernist Muslims firmly believe that through Islam along with his book, rational human being has reached maturity and therefore does not need the revelations of God again. However, because human beings are still experiencing moral confusion, then to be consistent and meaningful, it must be added the argument: that the moral maturity of the human person depends on a continuous struggle to achieve the guidance of God's books, especially the Quran and that humans not yet mature in the sense he can live without God's guidance. Furthermore Rahman believes that a satisfactory understanding of the direction of God is no longer dependent on individuals 'choice', but has had a collective function.
Proposition that Muhammad is the last prophet is supported by the fact that before Islam, there is no regilius movement that is global, there are religious broadcasters, but none of them worked. However, the belief that Muhammad was the last messenger of Allah is clearly a heavy responsibility on those who claim to be Muslims. [6]
3. Islamic institutions
Islam developed as a religion that contains the values of scientific, rational and mystical. This is because these developments have an impact on other aspects, including the establishment of Islamic institutions. Politically, in the early days of the Islamic caliphate system has emerged as an Islamic institution in the area of political power settings. Islamic leadership is leadership interpares been through primus, not like the crown hereditary power.
Anthropologically, in the settings to meet the need for sexual gratification, Muslims form the institution of marriage. In Islam, marriage is a sacred institution, not just regarded as a routine ceremony, but has a value of worship that a Muslim marriage is not due solely to satisfy the sexual needs, but also worship.
In the aspect of ritual, Hajj Islam emerged as an institution that is quite spectacular to have an impact activity. Likewise, prayer is an activity that can be seen pubklik world, because where there are Muslims there will be a place of worship. Fasting, as the worship which is required prior to the followers of Islam, became an annual institution Muslims coloring activity for a month. Zakat as an Islamic economic institutions in a typical characteristic of the institution in Islam even if not running optimally pemamfaatannya for Muslims. [7]
4. Muslim-Christian Relations
Controversy between Islam and Christianity have a long historical roots. It is clear that self-understanding and the nature of the two religions are "Universal" only enrich the hostility. In general, each party sees itself as the absolute religion, which can not recognize other religions outside of themselves as equally valuable.
Besides the universality of the Christian character, which asserts that the truth is not only meant for Christians, but also for the whole mankind and should be equally shared, a missionary, or even every Christian involved in missions work, always seen as a scrape wound long. In fact, if a person works is not the intention to invite others to convert to Islam, but really in the spirit of sincere love and devotion to others, such work is still seen as questionable motives.
Actually, this disagreement has been going on since long. It can be loaded experience Maurice Bucaille, a French doctor who diligently studied the religious books of the world. [8]
Internationally, it has been done to improve the relationship between Christianity and Islam. After the release of documents "Orientation for dialogue between Christians and Muslims" by Vatican Council II (1963-1965) it has sought concrete efforts.
Islamic studies among orientalists further demonstrate their ability methodologically to the various disciplines that are relevant to the object of study in studying Islam. It can be seen in the various approaches they use approaches ranging from philological, historical, and even other approaches such as sociological, anthropological, phenomenological, nd so on. However, among orientali colonialist, they examine the ability of Islam is more likely to dig the weakness of Islam. This is in contrast with the Orientalist in the modern era are more likely to phenomenological, they understand Islam as Islam is understood by Muslims themselves.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING A. CONCLUSION This historical approach is a general view on the view of teaching methods successively from the beginning until now. According Kuntowijoyo, while the empirical history of religion is normative. The empirical history of leaning on the human experience. While the normative science of religion does not mean to say there is no empirical element, but normatiflah as the reference.
Here are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical approach:
Scripture
Prophethood of Muhammad
Islamic institutions
Muslim-Christian Relations
B. ADVICE
Hopefully with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
REFERENCES
A. Background This historical approach is a general view on the view of teaching methods successively from the beginning until now. According Kuntowijoyo, while the empirical history of religion is normative. The empirical history of leaning on the human experience. While the normative science of religion does not mean to say there is no empirical element, but normatiflah as the reference.
Here are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical approach:
Scripture
Prophethood of Muhammad
Islamic institutions
Muslim-Christian Relations
To learn more, the authors try to discuss it with a paper titled "philological AND HISTORICAL APPROACH".
B. Problem Formulation
Historical understanding what?
What sense of Scripture?
What sense of Prophethood of Muhammad?
What understanding of Islamic Institutions?
How Islam-Christian relations?
C. Destination
Historical understanding to know!
To know Scripture sense!
To know the meaning of Prophethood of Muhammad!
To know the meaning of Islamic Institutions!
To determine the relationship of Islam-Christianity!
D. The target Want In Reach
Hopefully with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
CHAPTER II Philological AND HISTORICAL APPROACH
Historical Approach Judging from the etymology, word history comes from the Arabic syajarah (tree) and the history of the word in English that means story or tale. The word history itself is more popular to refer to the history of science. If tracked from its origin, the word history comes from the Greek meaning istoria knowledge of the phenomena of nature, especially human. Through this approach, a person invited to enter the actual situation with regard to the implementation of an event. This historical approach is very necessary to understand religion because it's down in the concrete situation, even related to social conditions. In this connection, Kuntowijoyo has conducted a thorough study of religion is in, this Islamic approach according to history when he studied the Qur'an came to the conclusion that basically the content of the Qur'an is divided into two parts, namely, the concept and story history. This historical approach is a general view on the view of teaching methods successively from the beginning until now. [1] According Kuntowijoyo, while the empirical history of religion is normative. The empirical history of leaning on the human experience. While the normative science of religion does not mean to say there is no empirical element, but normatiflah as the reference. If the historical approach aims to find the symptoms to trace the source of religion in the Islamic period, then this approach could be based on the development of personal historical or cultural adherents. Such an approach seeks to trace the early development of individual religious leaders, to find sources and traces the development of religious behavior in accordance dialogue with the surrounding world, and looking for patterns of interaction between religion and society. Historical approach will ultimately lead to the development of theories about the evolution of religion and the development of religious groups. [2]
Along with philological approach, historical approach is also very dominant in the tradition of modern Islamic studies. Study of classical Islamic texts have stimulated them to operate approach based historical documents that have been there.
Here are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical approach:
1. Scripture
One of the guidelines is to live in religious scriptures, Islam's holy book is the Qur'an. Validity as a religious symbol and guidelines for its adherents, Islam has a high value for its adherents. This belief seems to still misunderstood by Western people, especially those who are still influenced by the old doctrine of their religion, ie Judaism and Christianity.
At first, Jews and Christians do not recognize the Qur'an as the revelation of God Almighty. This rejection occurs and conducted by Western scholars against Maurice Bucaile attitude while treating each and parallels between the Koran as the previous books written revelation. [3] Quran study conducted Western scholars basically focused on the critical issues surrounding the Muslim holy book. Issues such as the establishment of the text of the Qur'an, Qur'an decline chronological, historical text, variant readings, the relationship between the Qur'an with the previous books, and other issues surrounding it. Most of the work was done by a problem in the 19th century scholar, the most important was Theodor Noldeke. A critical assessment of the Koran are also done by a group of German scholars in collaboration with other scholars. The project was stopped during the bombing of Munich in World War II that destroyed manuscripts and other materials. Misunderstanding the West against Islam has basic sentiment, fanaticism and injustice attitude. This was revealed during the opening of the document "Orientation for dialogue between Christians and Muslims Ummah". [4]
2. Prophethood of Muhammad
Prophetic aspect within the scope of the talks of the world's religions is something that must be clarified. Great prophets who have been sent by God SWT.telah prove his affection for the creatures.
Since the early history of Islam, the Muslims argued that a series of messengers of God ended in Muhammad: "Muhammad is not the father of any one of you: he is the Messenger of Allah and the Last Prophet" (Qur'an 33:40). This interpretation according to Fazlur Rahman is true, but for the outsider feels rather be dogmatif and less rational. To obtain this interpretation, some of the arguments put forward thinkers. These arguments have two different basis, but interrelated and complementary. [5]
Some modernist Muslims firmly believe that through Islam along with his book, rational human being has reached maturity and therefore does not need the revelations of God again. However, because human beings are still experiencing moral confusion, then to be consistent and meaningful, it must be added the argument: that the moral maturity of the human person depends on a continuous struggle to achieve the guidance of God's books, especially the Quran and that humans not yet mature in the sense he can live without God's guidance. Furthermore Rahman believes that a satisfactory understanding of the direction of God is no longer dependent on individuals 'choice', but has had a collective function.
Proposition that Muhammad is the last prophet is supported by the fact that before Islam, there is no regilius movement that is global, there are religious broadcasters, but none of them worked. However, the belief that Muhammad was the last messenger of Allah is clearly a heavy responsibility on those who claim to be Muslims. [6]
3. Islamic institutions
Islam developed as a religion that contains the values of scientific, rational and mystical. This is because these developments have an impact on other aspects, including the establishment of Islamic institutions. Politically, in the early days of the Islamic caliphate system has emerged as an Islamic institution in the area of political power settings. Islamic leadership is leadership interpares been through primus, not like the crown hereditary power.
Anthropologically, in the settings to meet the need for sexual gratification, Muslims form the institution of marriage. In Islam, marriage is a sacred institution, not just regarded as a routine ceremony, but has a value of worship that a Muslim marriage is not due solely to satisfy the sexual needs, but also worship.
In the aspect of ritual, Hajj Islam emerged as an institution that is quite spectacular to have an impact activity. Likewise, prayer is an activity that can be seen pubklik world, because where there are Muslims there will be a place of worship. Fasting, as the worship which is required prior to the followers of Islam, became an annual institution Muslims coloring activity for a month. Zakat as an Islamic economic institutions in a typical characteristic of the institution in Islam even if not running optimally pemamfaatannya for Muslims. [7]
4. Muslim-Christian Relations
Controversy between Islam and Christianity have a long historical roots. It is clear that self-understanding and the nature of the two religions are "Universal" only enrich the hostility. In general, each party sees itself as the absolute religion, which can not recognize other religions outside of themselves as equally valuable.
Besides the universality of the Christian character, which asserts that the truth is not only meant for Christians, but also for the whole mankind and should be equally shared, a missionary, or even every Christian involved in missions work, always seen as a scrape wound long. In fact, if a person works is not the intention to invite others to convert to Islam, but really in the spirit of sincere love and devotion to others, such work is still seen as questionable motives.
Actually, this disagreement has been going on since long. It can be loaded experience Maurice Bucaille, a French doctor who diligently studied the religious books of the world. [8]
Internationally, it has been done to improve the relationship between Christianity and Islam. After the release of documents "Orientation for dialogue between Christians and Muslims" by Vatican Council II (1963-1965) it has sought concrete efforts.
Islamic studies among orientalists further demonstrate their ability methodologically to the various disciplines that are relevant to the object of study in studying Islam. It can be seen in the various approaches they use approaches ranging from philological, historical, and even other approaches such as sociological, anthropological, phenomenological, nd so on. However, among orientali colonialist, they examine the ability of Islam is more likely to dig the weakness of Islam. This is in contrast with the Orientalist in the modern era are more likely to phenomenological, they understand Islam as Islam is understood by Muslims themselves.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING A. CONCLUSION This historical approach is a general view on the view of teaching methods successively from the beginning until now. According Kuntowijoyo, while the empirical history of religion is normative. The empirical history of leaning on the human experience. While the normative science of religion does not mean to say there is no empirical element, but normatiflah as the reference.
Here are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical approach:
Scripture
Prophethood of Muhammad
Islamic institutions
Muslim-Christian Relations
B. ADVICE
Hopefully with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
REFERENCES
Fazlur
Rahman, Tema Pokok Al-Quran, Bandung:Pustaka,
1983.
Dudung
Abdurrahman. Pendekatan Sejarah.
Maurice
Bucaille, Bibel, Qur’an dan Sains Modern,
Jakarta:Bulan Bintang, 1978.
Zakiah Daradjat, Metodologi Pengajaran Agama Islam, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1996.
Dr. Jamali Sahrodi, Metodelogi Pendidikan Islam, Bandung: CV
Pustaka Setia, 2008.
[3]Maurice Bucaille, Bibel, Qur’an dan Sains Modern, (Jakarta:Bulan
Bintang, 1978), hlm. 4
[4]Ibid, hlm.5
[5]Fazlur Rahman, Tema
Pokok Al-Quran,( Bandung:Pustaka, 1983), hlm. 118
[6]Ibid, hlm.119
[7]Dr. Jamali Sahrodi, Metodelogi
Studi Islam,(Bandung:CV Pustaka Setia, 2008), hlm.128
[8]Maurice Bucaiile,Bibel,Quran
dan sains modern, (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang,1978), hlm.130
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