CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1
Background Conceptually, the archipelago insight (Insight) is a national
insight Indonesian nation. Formulation of national perception of Indonesia,
hereinafter referred Archipelago, it is one of the political conception of the
constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Archipelagic nation of Indonesia as
a national insight built on the nation's geopolitical outlook. View of the
Indonesian nation based on the constellation of the neighborhood which produces
conception Insights Nusantara.jadi Archipelago is the application of the theory
of geopolitics of Indonesia.
To
learn more, the authors try to discuss it with a paper titled "INSIGHT AS
GEOPOLITICS Nusantara INDONESIA"
1.2 Problem Formulation
What meaning, nature, and position Archipelago?
What sense of Geopolitics?
How the Indonesian Archipelago as Geopolitics?
How Embodiment Archipelago?
1.3 Objectives
To know the meaning, nature, and position Archipelago!
To find Geoplitik understanding!
To know the Indonesian Archipelago as
Geopolitics!
To find out Embodiments Archipelago!
1.4 Objectives The Want In Reach
Hopefully
with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other
readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
CHAPTER II INSIGHT AS NUSANTARA GEOPOLITICS INDONESIA
2.1 DEFINITION, NATURE, AND POSITION OF INSIGHT NUSANTARA
A. Understanding Archipelago
Etymologically, the
word comes from the Archipelago and the Archipelago Insights. Insights derived
from the word Wawas (Java language) which means the views, reviews and visual
senses. So insight is the view, review, vision, sensory response. Insights will
also mean perspectives and ways of looking. Archipelago is derived from the
country and between. Nusa mean the island or archipelago unity. Between means
indicating the location between the two elements. So is the unity of the
archipelago of islands located between two continents, namely ian Asia and
Australia, and two oceans, the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Based on the modern
sense, the word "archipelago" is used as a substitute for the name of
Indonesia.
While terminological
Insights according to some opinion as follows: a. According to prof. Wan Usman,
"Wawasan Nusantara Indonesia is a nation perspective on themselves and
their homeland as an archipelagic nation with all the diverse aspects of
life." b. According to the Guidelines, 1998, Archipelago is the outlook
and attitude of the Indonesian people about themselves and their environment,
with the organization of the society, nation and state. c. According to the
working group proposed Archipelago to be tap. MPR, which made the 1999 National
Resilience Institute, which is "the perspective and attitude of the
Indonesian people regarding self-paced and diverse environment and strategic
value by giving priority to national unity and territorial integrity in the
administration of kehipan society, nation, and state to achieve national
objectives."
Based on the above
opinions, in a simple insight archipelago nation of Indonesia meaningful
perspective on themselves and their surroundings. B. Archipelago Itself
We looked at
the archipelago nation of Indonesia is one unit. Thus, the nature Archipelago
is wholeness and unity of the national territory. In other words, the nature
Archipelago is "national unity and territorial integrity.
In the
Guidelines stated that the nature of the Archipelago realized by states as a
whole archipelago of political, economic, social cultural, defense and
security.
C. Position Archipelago
Archipelago
serves as the nation's vision. National perception is concerned in the vision
of the nation into the future. Vision of Indonesia in accordance with the
concept of Wawasan Nusantara is a single nation with a single and intact areas
as well. Archipelago position as one of The constitutional conception of the
Republic of Indonesia.
2.2. INSIGHT AS NUSANTARA GEOPOLITICS INDONESIA
A. Geopolitics as Earth Science Politics
Geopolitics
is etymologically derived from the Greek, which means that Geo earth and can
not be separated from the influence of the location and geography of the earth
into the living area. Geopolitics interpreted as holding that any state policy
issues associated with geographic region or residence of a nation.
Geopolitical
term was first defined by Frederich Ratzel as political geography (political
geography), which was later expanded by Rudolf Kjellen a geographical politics,
geopolitics abbreviated.
Geopolitical Theories: a. Theory of Geopolitics Frederich Ratzel
(1844-1904), argued that the country as a living organism. State growth similar
to the growth of organisms which require living space (lebensraum) is
sufficient in order to thrive. The more extensive the space hiduo the State
will survive, powerful, and advanced. This theory is known as the theory or the
theory of biological organisms. b. Theory of Geopolitics Kjellen Rudolf
(1864-1922), is a unit of the State and political system that covers the field
of geopolitics, political economy, political demonstrations of political social,
and political krato. Country as a living organism and intellectuals should be
able to maintain and develop itself by expansion. c. Theory of Geopolitics Karl
Haushofer (1896-1946), continued the views Ratzel and Kjellen especially views
on lebensraum and understand expansionism. If the population of a territory the
more so as no longer proportional to the area, then the State should seek to
expand its territory as a living space for the citizens of the State. To this
end, the State shall seek: · Autarky, which is ideal to meet their own needs
without relying on other countries. · The areas to be controlled
(pan-regional), namely: a. Pan American as a "union territory" with
the United States as its leader. b. Pan East Asia, covering the eastern part of
the continent of Asia, Australia and the islands where the Japanese as the
ruler. c. Russian Pan India covering areas of West Asia, Eastern Europe, and
Russia are controlled by Russia. d. European Pan Africa include Western Europe,
excluding the UK and Russia ruled by Germany. Karl Haushofer's geopolitical
theories practiced by Hitler's Nazi Germany under the leadership of causing two
world wars. d. Theory of Geopolitics Halford Mackinder (1861-1947), has a more
strategic geopolitical conception, namely the control areas 'heart' world, so
his opinions known to the local theory of heart. Whoever controlled "areas
of the heart" (Eastern Europe and Russia) then he will rule the island
world (Europe, Asia, and Africa) that will eventually dominate the world. Based
on this insight came the concept of the Continent or the concept of power in
the land. e. Theory of Geopolitics Tayer Alfred Mahan (1840-1914), developed
the concept further by taking into account the need to capitalize upon
geopolitical and maintain marine resources including access to the sea. Thus,
not only the construction of the fleet is needed, but also to build a broader
maritime power. Based on this, the concept appears Wawasa Marine forces at sea
or concept. Whoever controlled the oceans will control the world's wealth. f.
Theory of Geopolitics Guilio Douhet (1869-1930), William Mitche (1878-1939),
Saversky and JFC Fuller, has another opinion than their predecessors. Both saw
strength aerospace bigger role in winning the war against the enemy. Therefore
they concluded that building a fleet or air force is more favorable because the
air force allowed to operate its own without the Bantu by other forces. In
addition, the air force to destroy the enemy at home itself. Based on this,
then comes the Aerospace Insights concept (the concept of power in the air). g.
Theory of Geopolitics J.Spijkman Nicholas (1879-1936), famous for the theory of
boundary area. In his theory, he divided the world into four regions: · Pivot
area, covering the area of the heart area. · Offshore continent land,
includes the coastal areas of Europe-Asia. · Oceanic Belt, including the island
territories outside Europe-Asia, southern Africa · New World, covering the
Americas. Over the division of the world's four regions menladi, Spijkman
looked diperlunya power-generation combination of Force War to annex those
territories in question. This results in a theoretical view Borderline
(Rimland) called Insights combination.
B. Geopolitics understand Indonesian Nation
Indonesian people
understand the geopolitical conception formulated in Wawasan Nusantara. For
Indonesia, geopolitics is a new view in considering the factors of geographical
area of the State to achieve its national objectives. For Indonesia, is a
geopolitical policy in order to achieve the national goals with geographical
advantages memamfaatkan State based on scientific knowledge of the geographical
conditions.
Geographically,
Indonesia has a characteristic, which is flanked by two oceans and two continents,
and is located below the orbit of geostationary satellite orbit (GSO). And
Indonesia may be referred to as the Indonesian maritime continent. Indonesian
territory shall be incorporated in the formal judicial Section 25A of the 1945
Constitution Amendment IV. On the basis that Indonesia develop its national
geopolitical understanding, ie Archipelago. And historically, parts of
Indonesia earlier is the former Dutch colony which was once called the Dutch
East Indies.
Based on
this historical and geographical facts, parts of Indonesia and its what is in
it is seen as a single entity. View or insight is called the national
Indonesian Archipelago. Archipelago as geopolitical conception of the
Indonesian nation.
2.3. INSIGHT REALIZATION NUSANTARA A. Formulation Archipelago
Archipelago
conception outlined in the legislation, which is in the MPR decree on
guidelines. Consecutive terms are:
MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1973
MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1978
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1983
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1988
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1993
MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1998
In
the decree stated that the insights in the implementation of national
development in the National Development Goals is Archipelago. Archipelago is a
national perception that comes from Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
Insight
into the nature of the archipelago is the nation's unity and territorial
integrity of Indonesia. Indonesian national perspective include:
One embodiment of the archipelago as a Political Unity
Embodiment archipelago as One Economy
One embodiment of the archipelago as a Social
and Cultural Unity
Embodiment archipelago as One Defense and
Security
Coverage
of each archipelago sense of embodiment as One Political, Economic, Social,
Cultural, Defence and Security (POLEKSOSBUDHANKAM) are listed in the
Guidelines.
Formulation
containing the latest guidelines regarding Archipelago is the 1998 Guidelines
in MPR Decree No.. II \ MPR \ 1998. In the 1999 guidelines, as stated in the
MPR Decree No.. IV \ MPR \ 1999 are no longer found on the formulation of the
Archipelago.
At
the present time, in the absence of further guidelines, formulation Archipelago
into nothing. Yet as a political conception of the state administration of the
Republic of Indonesia, which is characterized by the archipelago of Indonesia
would be retained. It is stated in Article 25A of the 1945 Constitution Amendment
IV, which reads "the Republic of Indonesia is an archipelago island nation
that characterized the region boundaries and rights shall be specified by the
Act". Law governing this case is the Act No. 6 of 1996 on Indonesian
Waters.
B. Boundaries of the Republic of Indonesia
a). Mainland region
Land area is
the surface area of the earth within certain limits and in the soil at the
surface of the earth.
b). Inland areas
Indonesian
waters include the territorial sea, archipelagic waters, and peraran deepening.
c). Airspace
Airspace is
the area that is above the land and sea (water) of the country. How much
sovereignty to the country's airspace above it, there are several streams,
namely: 1) Theory of Free Air 2) Theory of Sovereign State in the Air
C. Basic elements Archipelago
Conception
Archipelago contains three basic elements, namely: a) Containers (Contour b)
Content (Content) c) of the Code (Conduct)
D. Goals and mamfaat Archipelago a) The purpose Archipelago
Purpose
Archipelago consists of two: 1. Destination into, ie ensure the realization of
the unity of the national unity of all aspects of life, namely political,
economic, social cultural, defense and security. 2. Destination to the outside,
ensuring that the national interest in a world-paced change, and participated
in the establishment of world order based on freedom, eternal peace and social
justice as well as to develop a cooperation and mutual respect.
b) mamfaat Archipelago Mamfaat Archipelago is as follows: 1. Accepted
and acknowledged conception archipelago in international forums. 2. Added
Indonesian territorial area. 3. Added as a living room area provides a great
potential resource for improving the welfare of the people. 4. application of
the archipelago generate insight perspective on the territorial integrity of
the country that need to be maintained by the Indonesian nation. 5.
Archipelagos be one means of national integration.
CHAPTER III CLOSING 3.1. CONCLUSION
In a simple insight archipelago
nation of Indonesia means the perspective of the self and the environment. We
looked at the archipelago nation of Indonesia is one unit. Thus, the nature
Archipelago is wholeness and unity of the national territory. In other words,
the nature Archipelago is "national unity and territorial integrity.
Archipelago serves as the nation's vision. National perception is concerned in
the vision of the nation into the future. Vision of Indonesia in accordance
with the concept of Wawasan Nusantara is a single nation with a single and
intact areas as well. Archipelago position as one of The constitutional
conception of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on geographical and historical
facts, the region of Indonesia and what is in it is seen as a single entity.
View or insight is called the national Indonesian Archipelago. Archipelago as
geopolitical conception of the Indonesian nation.
3.2. ADVICE
Hopefully
with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other
readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
Philological
AND HISTORICAL APPROACH
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
A. Background This historical approach is a general view on the view of
teaching methods successively from the beginning until now. According
Kuntowijoyo, while the empirical history of religion is normative. The
empirical history of leaning on the human experience. While the normative
science of religion does not mean to say there is no empirical element, but
normatiflah as the reference.
Here
are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical
approach:
Scripture
Prophethood of Muhammad
Islamic institutions
Muslim-Christian Relations
To
learn more, the authors try to discuss it with a paper titled
"philological AND HISTORICAL APPROACH".
B. Problem Formulation
Historical understanding what?
What sense of Scripture?
What sense of Prophethood of Muhammad?
What understanding of Islamic Institutions?
How Islam-Christian relations?
C. Destination
Historical understanding to know!
To know Scripture sense!
To know the meaning of Prophethood of Muhammad!
To know the meaning of Islamic Institutions!
To determine the relationship of Islam-Christianity!
D. The target Want In Reach
Hopefully
with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other
readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
CHAPTER II Philological AND HISTORICAL APPROACH
Historical Approach Judging from the etymology, word history comes from the
Arabic syajarah (tree) and the history of the word in English that means story
or tale. The word history itself is more popular to refer to the history of
science. If tracked from its origin, the word history comes from the Greek
meaning istoria knowledge of the phenomena of nature, especially human. Through
this approach, a person invited to enter the actual situation with regard to
the implementation of an event. This historical approach is very necessary to
understand religion because it's down in the concrete situation, even related
to social conditions. In this connection, Kuntowijoyo has conducted a thorough
study of religion is in, this Islamic approach according to history when he
studied the Qur'an came to the conclusion that basically the content of the
Qur'an is divided into two parts, namely, the concept and story history. This
historical approach is a general view on the view of teaching methods
successively from the beginning until now. [1] According Kuntowijoyo, while the
empirical history of religion is normative. The empirical history of leaning on
the human experience. While the normative science of religion does not mean to
say there is no empirical element, but normatiflah as the reference. If the
historical approach aims to find the symptoms to trace the source of religion
in the Islamic period, then this approach could be based on the development of
personal historical or cultural adherents. Such an approach seeks to trace the
early development of individual religious leaders, to find sources and traces
the development of religious behavior in accordance dialogue with the
surrounding world, and looking for patterns of interaction between religion and
society. Historical approach will ultimately lead to the development of
theories about the evolution of religion and the development of religious
groups. [2]
Along
with philological approach, historical approach is also very dominant in the
tradition of modern Islamic studies. Study of classical Islamic texts have
stimulated them to operate approach based historical documents that have been
there.
Here
are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical
approach:
1. Scripture
One of
the guidelines is to live in religious scriptures, Islam's holy book is the
Qur'an. Validity as a religious symbol and guidelines for its adherents, Islam
has a high value for its adherents. This belief seems to still misunderstood by
Western people, especially those who are still influenced by the old doctrine
of their religion, ie Judaism and Christianity.
At
first, Jews and Christians do not recognize the Qur'an as the revelation of God
Almighty. This rejection occurs and conducted by Western scholars against
Maurice Bucaile attitude while treating each and parallels between the Koran as
the previous books written revelation. [3] Quran study conducted Western
scholars basically focused on the critical issues surrounding the Muslim holy
book. Issues such as the establishment of the text of the Qur'an, Qur'an
decline chronological, historical text, variant readings, the relationship
between the Qur'an with the previous books, and other issues surrounding it.
Most of the work was done by a problem in the 19th century scholar, the most
important was Theodor Noldeke. A critical assessment of the Koran are also done
by a group of German scholars in collaboration with other scholars. The project
was stopped during the bombing of Munich in World War II that destroyed
manuscripts and other materials. Misunderstanding the West against Islam has
basic sentiment, fanaticism and injustice attitude. This was revealed during
the opening of the document "Orientation for dialogue between Christians
and Muslims Ummah". [4]
2. Prophethood of Muhammad
Prophetic
aspect within the scope of the talks of the world's religions is something that
must be clarified. Great prophets who have been sent by God SWT.telah prove his
affection for the creatures.
Since
the early history of Islam, the Muslims argued that a series of messengers of
God ended in Muhammad: "Muhammad is not the father of any one of you: he
is the Messenger of Allah and the Last Prophet" (Qur'an 33:40). This
interpretation according to Fazlur Rahman is true, but for the outsider feels
rather be dogmatif and less rational. To obtain this interpretation, some of
the arguments put forward thinkers. These arguments have two different basis,
but interrelated and complementary. [5]
Some
modernist Muslims firmly believe that through Islam along with his book,
rational human being has reached maturity and therefore does not need the
revelations of God again. However, because human beings are still experiencing
moral confusion, then to be consistent and meaningful, it must be added the
argument: that the moral maturity of the human person depends on a continuous
struggle to achieve the guidance of God's books, especially the Quran and that
humans not yet mature in the sense he can live without God's guidance.
Furthermore Rahman believes that a satisfactory understanding of the direction
of God is no longer dependent on individuals 'choice', but has had a collective
function.
Proposition
that Muhammad is the last prophet is supported by the fact that before Islam,
there is no regilius movement that is global, there are religious broadcasters,
but none of them worked. However, the belief that Muhammad was the last
messenger of Allah is clearly a heavy responsibility on those who claim to be
Muslims. [6]
3. Islamic institutions
Islam
developed as a religion that contains the values of scientific, rational and
mystical. This is because these developments have an impact on other aspects,
including the establishment of Islamic institutions. Politically, in the early
days of the Islamic caliphate system has emerged as an Islamic institution in
the area of political power settings. Islamic leadership is leadership
interpares been through primus, not like the crown hereditary power.
Anthropologically,
in the settings to meet the need for sexual gratification, Muslims form the
institution of marriage. In Islam, marriage is a sacred institution, not just
regarded as a routine ceremony, but has a value of worship that a Muslim
marriage is not due solely to satisfy the sexual needs, but also worship.
In
the aspect of ritual, Hajj Islam emerged as an institution that is quite
spectacular to have an impact activity. Likewise, prayer is an activity that
can be seen pubklik world, because where there are Muslims there will be a
place of worship. Fasting, as the worship which is required prior to the
followers of Islam, became an annual institution Muslims coloring activity for
a month. Zakat as an Islamic economic institutions in a typical characteristic
of the institution in Islam even if not running optimally pemamfaatannya for
Muslims. [7]
4. Muslim-Christian Relations
Controversy
between Islam and Christianity have a long historical roots. It is clear that
self-understanding and the nature of the two religions are
"Universal" only enrich the hostility. In general, each party sees
itself as the absolute religion, which can not recognize other religions
outside of themselves as equally valuable.
Besides
the universality of the Christian character, which asserts that the truth is
not only meant for Christians, but also for the whole mankind and should be
equally shared, a missionary, or even every Christian involved in missions
work, always seen as a scrape wound long. In fact, if a person works is not the
intention to invite others to convert to Islam, but really in the spirit of
sincere love and devotion to others, such work is still seen as questionable
motives.
Actually,
this disagreement has been going on since long. It can be loaded experience
Maurice Bucaille, a French doctor who diligently studied the religious books of
the world. [8]
Internationally,
it has been done to improve the relationship between Christianity and Islam.
After the release of documents "Orientation for dialogue between
Christians and Muslims" by Vatican Council II (1963-1965) it has sought
concrete efforts.
Islamic
studies among orientalists further demonstrate their ability methodologically
to the various disciplines that are relevant to the object of study in studying
Islam. It can be seen in the various approaches they use approaches ranging
from philological, historical, and even other approaches such as sociological,
anthropological, phenomenological, nd so on. However, among orientali
colonialist, they examine the ability of Islam is more likely to dig the
weakness of Islam. This is in contrast with the Orientalist in the modern era
are more likely to phenomenological, they understand Islam as Islam is
understood by Muslims themselves.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING A. CONCLUSION This historical
approach is a general view on the view of teaching methods successively from
the beginning until now. According Kuntowijoyo, while the empirical history of
religion is normative. The empirical history of leaning on the human
experience. While the normative science of religion does not mean to say there
is no empirical element, but normatiflah as the reference.
Here
are some themes that will be discussed with the relevant GCC historical
approach:
Scripture
Prophethood of Muhammad
Islamic institutions
Muslim-Christian Relations
B. ADVICE
Hopefully
with this paper can be useful especially for the author's own and for other
readers as well as increase knowledge in the field of scientific work.
REFERENCES
Fazlur
Rahman, Tema Pokok Al-Quran, Bandung:Pustaka,
1983.
Dudung
Abdurrahman. Pendekatan Sejarah.
Maurice
Bucaille, Bibel, Qur’an dan Sains Modern,
Jakarta:Bulan Bintang, 1978.
Zakiah Daradjat, Metodologi Pengajaran Agama Islam, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1996.
Dr. Jamali Sahrodi, Metodelogi Pendidikan Islam, Bandung: CV
Pustaka Setia, 2008.
[1] Zakiah Daradjat, Metodologi Pengajaran Agama Islam, (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1996),
hlm. 1
[2]Dudung Abdurrahman. Pendekatan Sejarah, hlm. 49
[3]Maurice Bucaille, Bibel, Qur’an dan Sains Modern, (Jakarta:Bulan
Bintang, 1978), hlm. 4
[5]Fazlur Rahman, Tema
Pokok Al-Quran,( Bandung:Pustaka, 1983), hlm. 118
[7]Dr. Jamali Sahrodi, Metodelogi
Studi Islam,(Bandung:CV Pustaka Setia, 2008), hlm.128
[8]Maurice Bucaiile,Bibel,Quran
dan sains modern, (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang,1978), hlm.130
